The services will be available through the Download! Feature, and will allow mobile phone users to access Messenger, Windows Live Spaces and Hotmail accounts, whilst they are out and about doing their day to day tasks.

So far the Windows Live feature is selectively available on the following Series 60 phones Nokia N93i, Nokia N76, Nokia N95, Nokia N80 Internet Edition, and Nokia N73 the most recent software versions are currently compatible.

It is expected that next year Windows Live will be installed on Series 40 mobile phones.

Windows Live on Nokia mobiles comes as a free trial at the moment but it is expected that a subscription fee will be introduced at some point in the near future. Therefore if you have one of the above mentioned mobile phones why not make the most of this while it is free.

So you have installed it to your phone the next question is how you can Uninstall Windows Live Messenger? You don’t need to worry because there are lots of ways on how to Uninstall Windows Live Messenger.

Are you looking into Xbox Live subscriptions but slightly confused by the multitude of choices people are throwing at you? It should be simple, right? You sign on the dotted line, give someone your credit card information, and the next thing you know you’re knee deep in the wide international community of gamers and Xbox fans that make up the Xbox Live community. You never knew you were going to need a dictionary to wade through all of your choices.

Weeding your way through the plethora of choices available for joining the world of Xbox Live doesn’t have to be difficult. Just check out the options for Xbox Live subscriptions and decide which one is right for you. There’s no chance it won’t be worth it.

In the other hand you may look into these websites for Free Xbox Live Codes, these two websites are both offering Free Xbox Live Codes so you may check it out.

Not too many years ago, anyone ever thought of having more than one computer in the home. Now that we are so dependent upon them, it is a common thing for home to have multiple computers. Before the blink of an eye, there are seven computers in the house yet there is only one printer and just one Internet connection. How is everyone going to be kept happy and productive?

The answer is to set up a network! This is none other than a group of computer components connected together with a router, hub and switch which gives its users the ability to share resources. These resources are some of the most integral parts of computer use. A network is much like a spider web. That is the basic reason why the Internet is often called the World Wide Web. Signals are constantly flowing along the network. Unlike a spider web, a computer network sends and receives those disturbances in the form of ‘packets’. Although there are other ways to perform the same function, almost all networks today operate as explained below.

On the network, the software and hardware cooperate to pass those packets. These packets are chunks of information that contain your data that is wrapped in control information.

192.168.1.1 Is the basic and default IP address of the router, most of the router has a cd that contains very easy to set up instruction you just need to read it right. If you find it difficult but I hope your not you can go to this website for more information about 192.168.1.1

Everyone knows a social networking website called MySpace. There’s a millions of populace surf there on a daily basis for singular purposes and that is to have fun, meeting new friends, dealing business, getting married etc.

But the main endeavor of this social networking site is to make people sociable. And I think that it is a good thing. Why someone who wants very much to meet a new friend or to have a talk with an old friend cannot get access to the source then. This source is intended to connect people all over the World, isn’t it?

Like any other schools and offices this myspace website is prohibited that is why there are lots of unlock myspace proxies that floating in the internet. These unlock myspace proxy websites are allowed by proxy servers and you can get any information you wish. You can access many blocked websites from your office or school using proxy websites.

Proxy servers are used to control internet access in the workplace. Apart from blocking websites, proxy servers are used to provide a safe and secure browsing environment. All information passing via proxy servers can be analyzed before they reach any terminal. This feature is used to block spyware and other viruses from affecting a user’s computer too. To enhance network security and access control, proxy servers are used. When the network connects a huge number of computers, use of proxy servers becomes essential to have a centralized access to the internet.

Proxy and proxy server are two vocabulary used by extreme internet users or an advance in computer field. A proxy refers to a website, which can be used to blocked information. In other words, exclusive of any restrictions, you can obtain the right to use to any information over the internet with the use of proxy list websites. These proxy websites are basically called as proxies. Proxy server is a transitional server, which switch data sharing among a client and a server. Any data shared between the client and the server should pass proxy servers. Proxy websites are designed to fool proxy servers.

Approximately each and every one office and school universities and colleges install a proxy server, which do something as a firewall. Internet link to a variety of computers inside the building is providing only all the way through the proxy server. Each portion of information, which passes from beginning to end the proxy server, is logged. This way, the network administrator can have power over the internet access of their subsidiary or students. A firewall is installed contained by a proxy server, which limit the right to use to a lot of websites. In the largest part of the cases, a lot of known entertainment and adult websites are blocked by proxy servers.

Proxies are intended to get a hold the right of entry to any website of the user’s preference without getting caught by the proxy server. When you use a proxy website, your identity is concealed and the website, which you want to access, is also hidden.

The .docx files will not open on Word 2007. You have to select the path file and open but still you are not able to open it on Windows Vista Home Premium (sorry only this operating system I tried). In order to check if there is an internal problem while running the Word 2007, change the Program Default and after doing this see if the .docx files open or not.

In case, the .docx files still do not open, then, it’s a simple case where the Windows association between .docx and Word 2007 has been not working. To correct this, you can reinstall Word 2007 and then try to open the .docx files.

Even if this doesn’t help, then there is one more thing you can do resolve this problem. Try to read this www.docx.net you will find out all information about docx word format and many ways as well as the tools you can use to convert it. So you will not having any problems sharing your documents to others or opening it to other computer as well as the Linux operating system. Yeah you heard it right you can also Open Docx with Linux.

The good thing about this is you can integrate it also in open office that use by linux. If the huge companies of operating system will be united there be a greater future in our information technology.

So if you like some more easy income information just visit this site http://www.joinforfreetoday.net/. Thanks for dropping bye!

In this post I will point out some briefing about How to Fix Registry.

The Microsoft Windows registry contains very important library in regards to both the operating system of the computer. Every time you put in or take away software you installed programs or change settings, the registry are impacted. Vacant keys are lingering and your registry grows until act and steadiness turn out to be issue.
If you have need of a registry clean up, this piece of writing will put you back on the right track and get your system working great again in short period of time.

In order to know what problems could do with to be resolved, it is foremost fine to know what troubles are currently experiencing on your computer.

Write down all of the information you can see about the issues that you are familiar with on your computer, whether over and over again or occasionally. Are there definite programs opening when the problems take place? Are you on the internet? Is your startup time-consuming on the computer? It is only happening for certain users?
After you have a fine record prepared, set the record to the part to evaluate your conclusion result to later so you are on familiar terms with what has been taken concern of and what may still need to be resolute later.

With all this you need a Fix Registry Editor to make your life easier and to help you solve the complicated registry problems. It can repair your registry and can give you a comfortably that you needed.

In our technology right now you will not be shock if you learn that even a boat you can have high technology by simply looking to its built and nothing more about the accessories that you can amaze also you can see some simple boat but it’s computerized. Its funny why I write this kind of article to this website but if you come to think what technology can bring us even in the small things like this you will definitely believe that you are living in the high age era. Ok let’s start.

If you be in possession of a boat then as some time you will to be expected in deciding to acquire boat towable accessories at some time. On the other hand, the market is
overflowing with unusual types of boat accessories and not all of them are necessary or even useful for your boat. At the same time there are other boat accessories, which are useful for your boat and will help extend the lifetime of your boat. In addition you will think some things that can expand your boat capability like buying boat seats.

Extra boat accessories like theseboat ladders are good to have since they will create your time out on the water more pleasurable. So when it comes to selecting boat accessories it is essential that you prefer the right ones that can stay you safe on the water and keep your boat in a good quality situation.

Why it is nowadays there are lots of webmaster hosted their website in dedicated servers? What are dedicated servers? For the information of others dedicated servers are the most secure and most dependable starting place of web hosting. Dedicated servers are perfect for home, professional or business users to manage their internet presence from a essential setting on a established platform. The latest LA Dedicated Server range is also perfect for web fanatic’s webmasters that will definitely ensure everyone the benefits of grand performance at an reasonably price. Dedicated servers allocate immediate release of web pages, which added the possibility of maintaining web site visitors on a site that may translate them to regular customers. In addition, fast loading pages increases the businesses image and may persuade regular customers to pass on your web-based services to others.

Dedicated servers let the client install and adjust any software or purpose of the server, perfect for businesses with customized hosting needs. Dedicated servers are helpful for companies and individuals that run very-high-traffic Web sites or applications that need the bandwidth, versatility, and consistent performance of a dedicated box.

There are numerous unlocking solutions available online and offline to unlock 3g iphone. One explanation is level better than the other when you consider the selling stories. It states the information that more or less 85% of the iphone owners, who try to unlock their iPhone by themselves, have no knowledge on what they are doing. If you’re going to unlock your iPhone you are flashing the core of your Phone, this brings a lot of danger maybe you can lost your money by just attempting that. So my advice to the people who want a safe way of unblocking your iphone is go purchase some of the reliable software and one of that is the unlock iphone 3g just click the link to go to their site and avail of the good service you can find some feature of the software plus the discounted limited price offer.

The message of this article is plainly understandable to the iphone owner that you need to be careful if you want to unlock your iPhone.

Here are the lists of HTML special characters code that you can use.

HTML SPECIAL CHARACTERS

Communication Media

There are a wide variety of communication media being used today. Each has its own capabilities and limitations. Here are some of them:

Twisted Pair Wire

It is compose of two intertwined copper wires coated with plastic. They are bound together in another layer of plastic insulation. It is widely used in telephone connections. This is one of the widely use communication media because it is inexpensive and commercially available.

Coaxial Cable

Commonly known as “coax” usually used in cable T.V, These tables have two conductors, the first one is a single piece of wire in the center. The other one is a shield that surrounds the first wire with an insulator between. Coaxial cable can carry more data than older types of twisted-pair wires because of its unique shielding.

Fiber Optic Cables

Instead of transmitting frequencies, a fiber optic cable transmits pulsating beams of light. Compared to te twisted pair wire and the coaxial cable, fiber optic can carry a greater volume of data since light travels much faster than electricity. This type of cable is also immune from electromagnetic interference which is a problem for copper based mediums. However, fiber-optic cables is relatively expensive compared to other mediums and is not as flexible as copper based medium.

Wireless Links

The use of wires and other physical media seem to be impossible and impractical because of “distance”. For example, how would you connect two places separated by a mountain range or an ocean?.

Computer Network and Internet

This tutorial presents a general idea on computer networks to give you in depth knowledge of how the internet works. Some technical jargons about data communication and basic networking are explained and defined using simpler terms.

What is Network; Definition

In its simplest definition, a network is a collection of devices connected to one another. The amazing development in technology and the use of computers in data communications led to the awakening of a global network known as the internet.

The basic components that make up a computer network:

• Communication Media
• Types of Networks
• Network Topology
• Network Protocol

What is Computer Network? ; Definition

Computer Network is basically a connection of two or more computers and other devices. Communication between computers are made possible with the use of different media. These Media refers the materials used to transmit data from its source to its destination.

Dan Bricklin

In 1978, a Harvard Business student named Dan Bricklin got tired of adding up columns of numbers and adding them up again after making a few changes. Just to assess the effect of the merger. Bricklin, who knew little about computers from summer jobs at Wang and other firms, came up with the idea of a spreadsheet program running on a personal computer.

Bob Frankston and Visicalc

Briclin’s teachers together with a programmer friend, Bob Frankston, produced Visicalc. It is a program for Apple II computer. This marks an important new chapter in American Enterprise. The Electronic Spredsheet.

Visicalc huge success

Visicalc was a huge success. More than 700,000 copies of the program eventually was sold and it was almost reponsible for the success of Apple II personal computer. By 1984 it disappeared when Lotus 1-2-3 was launched by IBM. It was integrated with what is clearly the clone of Visalc Spreadsheet.

Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel

Many Innovations did came out, specially during the 90’s when the development of microchips were unstoppable, and so is the rapid development in various application programs. Finally, the year of the GUI’s (Graphical User Interface) desktop has arrived. The next decade now belongs to Microsoft Software king - Bill Gates. Then comes the birth of Microsoft Office Software which include the Microsoft Excel, which operates very similar to Lotus 1-2-3 but much faster and user-friendly because it works in a graphical desktop environment with it’s electronic input device companion - the witty mouse.

Web Site Developing News Updates

Linux News Updates

Microsoft News Updates

Basic CSS Tutorial

There are only three parts to Cascade Style Sheets (CSS), and once we understand what they are and how to use them, CSS becomes very easy and exciting to use. One of the best parts of CSS is that you can create an external Cascade Style Sheet which you can use for all web pages on your website. You can also have one CSS for all of your articles and a different one for all of your press releases. Making one change in your CSS, you are able to effect changes to a few web pages or to hundreds of web pages without ever touching any of the different web pages themselves.

Below I am going to break out each one of the parts of CSS and explain them in non-techie terms:

1. Selector
2. Property
3. Value

This is what these three parts will look like when they are all put to together:

selector { property: value }

The first part is the selector. In techie terms, a selector is the (x)HTML element that you want to style. Now what does this really mean to the person who doesn’t know about (x)html code and really doesn’t want to learn it, but does want to make changes to their own websites. Absolutely nothing, right? It just went over your head and now you are at a loss (oh how well I know that feeling!). Well, let me show you what some of the most common selectors are, and I know that you will begin to feel more comfortable with selectors.

The first selector that you come across in all web pages is the body, next might be h1, or the p. In (x)html the code is going to look like this:

< body> your web page content goes here< /body>: or,
< h1> Your headline text goes here< /h1> ; or,
< p> your paragraph text goes here< /p> .

For the first example, let’s start with the body. Here is the main thing that you will likely do with this simple but important piece of code. Let’s say you want the main background color of your website to blue or #0000ff (which is the hex code for blue). It will look like this:

body {background-color: #0000ff}

OK, what does all that mean? It is saying that the “background-color”, which is the property, is going to be blue, which is the value of that property. In simple terms, it means the main background color of your website is going to blue. It is easy to change the background color of your website now just by changing the hex code (#0000ff) to a different color, say red, which would look like this: #ff0000.

Now let’s look at the selector h1:

h1 {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 22pt;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
color: #000000;
background-color: #ffffff;
}

Here we are defining what h1, or the text inside of our header 1 tags, is going to look like. The first line in the property is the font-family, and the value is Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, and sans-serif. So, in plain English, what we are saying is the font that we want to use for all of our h1 headers is going to be Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, or sans-serif.

You might be asking if we want the main font to be Verdana, why are we also using Arial, Helvetica, and sans-serif as fonts? The reason for this is not all computers are going to have Verdana font loaded on them. If they don’t, then the default font becomes Arial. The same thing holds true for the Arial font, which then defaults to Helvetica and, finally, to what is called a system font or screen font that all computers have on them, which is sans-serif.

Now for the next line, which is font-size: 22pt. The property is font-size and the value of that is 22pt. 22pt is the easiest to use because we all know about 10 pitch, 12 pitch, 14 pitch fonts when we are using our word processors. There are several other different ways to express the size of the font, one of which is small, medium, and large, and is much more complex than just entering the pitch size.

Next we come to the font-weight which is a real easy way to bold all of the text in your header without using any other code to do it. Following along with what we already know, font-weight is going to be the property and bold is going to be the value of the font weight. If you choose not to bold all the text, all you need to do is change the word “bold” to “normal” and you are all done.

The text-align is just that: by changing the word “center” to “left”, you can align your text to the left margin instead of centering it all. I am sure that you are beginning to get the hang of this by now, but just follow through, “text-align” is the property and “center” is the value.

The color of your font or text is going to be the hex code color #000000, or black. If you want to change the color of the font, find the hex code for the color that you want it to be and replace #000000 with it.

The last one here is the background color, which is behind the header text. This background color is different from the body background color in that this color is going to be directly related just to the text in between the header tags or the h1 tags. In our example, “background-color” is the property and “#ffffff” is the value. You can change the background color to any color you like just by replacing the hex code #ffffff, which is white, with the hex color code of your choosing.

In our next article we begin with the paragraph tags and show just how easy it is to get rid of a ton out dated code.

css image
About the Author: This article may be distributed freely on your website, as long as this entire article, including working links and this resource box are unchanged.
Copyright 2006 Larry Lang All Rights Reserved.
Lang Enterprises Inc.
Elite Web Strategies-Empowering You to Empower Your Business.

HTML Fonts

We are consistently working towards improving the look of our web pages so that they look attractive and pleasant so that more and more surfers could stay on our pages. The improvements goes on and on and we are in constant search for new techniques to make the web pages more appealing. But lets not forget one important aspect of the web page layouts and that is the use of fonts. It is a common understanding that the use of fancy or artistic fonts improves the look of the site as well as gets more public attention. So far this has proven to be a myth and use of such fonts have only worked in reverse. So what are the best methods to use the fonts in html pages. In this article we will discuss the html fonts and provide you with some essential tips on this

Tip#1
Most people go to the WebPages to access and read the information. This goal must be satisfied by the correct use of fonts. In cases where the information is crucial for the web pages user then the web page should be designed using the most readable font like Verdana or Arial with the correct font size and color.

Tip#2
Fonts are made up of many properties but considering a web page the most important of these are size, type and color. Choosing these properties wisely adds value to your website.

Tip#3
The best font is the one which is easy to read. It is always better to use on your web pages fonts like Arial or Times New Roman as they are very clear and easy to read. Compared to these fonts, the fancy fonts like the calligraphic ones are very difficult to read distracting the user from the page.

Tip#4
It is not at all forbidden to use the fancy fonts. It is necessary to use such fonts if your website demands or deals into such categories. For ex. If you have a website dealing into flowers then definitely you would like to use some artistic fonts on it. But in such cases it is better to use the special fonts on the logo or title and not on the information. In such a way you can make the design good and the information readable.

Tip#5
The second important issue is about the size of the fonts. Not everyone who is visiting the page has got a correct vision. It is therefore recommended not to use very small fonts and ideally the font size between 12-14 points is readable and should be used for the content. A bit bigger font size can be used for the titles. Also make sure that you are not using too big fonts which make your user scroll too much which also distracts tem from the page.

Tip#6
The last but not the list factor is about the font color. Do use gentle colors ad use as much as black fonts as you can. The black fonts are easily readable and do not affect the color blinds as well. The last thing you want to do is put a light colored font on a light colored background, like pink on yellow.

Using such tips you are sure to benefit your users and make them stay on the page for a longer time.

Resource Box:

Looking for more information on HTML Font Tips check out www.HTMLTAG.ORG your guide to HTML Font Tips

List of Proxy Sites to Access and Unblock blocked Site

Students and office workers have the same problem when accessing websites that was prohibited in their schools and offices because their IT department uses a web filter to block unnecessary websites that can affect their personnel or their students. That is why I try to search to the internet about the solution for that and came out good results because I have seen many website gateways and proxies that enables you to still browse your favorite sites that is prohibited in your area like Friendster, MySpace, Multiply, YouTube and many more. I am using this three sites for quite some time now and I am recommending it because it never fails me, every time I browse blocked sites it turn to be an accessible, so do you want to know these three sites that I am using? Here are:

1)

www.AccessAll.co.cc

= AccessAll.co.cc is a free tool/website use to access all block sites like friendster, myspace, youtube, multiply, web games in the schools, office or anywhere else that denies you from access You can surf the net anonymously without detecting your private IP Address so you don’t have to worry. Now you have the power to access all!
2)

www.JProx.co.cc

= JProx.co.cc is an Anonymous free proxy service that hides your online identity. This Proxy website use to bypass block sites like friendster, multiply, youtube, webgames and hide your IP address from websites, get past school/work filters, and to maintain privacy.
3)

www.1GateWay.co.cc

= proxy gateway site thatenables you to access block site and unblock unlock them and surf anonymously without detecting your IP.
Use site to hide your IP address and bypass your work and/or school web filters with ease. Just type the URL of the website inside the box.
For example, if MySpace was blocked at work or school, It won’t be any longer if you use this free website

As of the moment I am using only that three. You can now surf anonymously don’t be caught by your boss or by your teacher. Cheers!

LINUX LICENSING

In most cases, when you obtain or “buy” software, you really do not own it. Rather, you are granted a license to use the software. The terms of the licensing agreement differ depending on the type of license accompanying the software. To understand software licensing, you should understand the following terms.

Open Source

- Software that is distributed with the source files. End users can modify and recompile the software to meet their needs. Usually developed as a community project. More specifically, Open Source is a certification mark for software that adheres to the Open Source Initiative standards.

Closed Source

- Software that is distributed without the source files.
Much commercially available software is closed source (such as Microsoft Windows, Word, and Excel).

Open Source

- Software distributed without cost. The software may be open source or closed source.

Free Software

- Software that is freely distributable, includes the source code, and allows the end user to modify or enhance the software.
Free software may be distributed at a cost. The “free” refers to the freedom of use, not necessarily no cost.
Linux is distributed as Open Source software (meeting OSI standards) under the GNU General

Public License (GPL). The GNU/GPL provides that:
• You are free to use the software and its source code as you want.
• You can redistribute the software, even charging a fee for the redistribution.
• The package must include the source code or an offer to make the source code available.
• The software has no guarantee. You can, however, offer your own guarantee, even charging for this service.
• If you modify the software, any modifications must remain unpatented, or, if patented, be made available for everyone’s use.
You should be aware that using Linux in your organization is not without cost. Although you do not pay for a license for Linux, expect to pay for the following items:
• Media containing the software components
• Technical support, automatic updates, and custom utilities
• Installation, maintenance, and system repair

LINUX SHELL

The shell is the interface between the user and the operating system. Via the shell, users and programs send commands to the kernel. Commands sent through a graphical interface or through applications interface directly with the shell without any noticeable events. In many ways, the shell is much like the DOS command interpreter. You can also open a terminal session or a command prompt window to type commands and receive responses back (similar to a DOS prompt in Windows).

Although most Linux distributions now include a graphical interface, and many administration tools have been converted to a graphical format, as an administrator you will find that some tasks are best performed from the command prompt. In addition, while graphical elements vary between distributions, shell commands are more likely to be consistent between distributions.

The shells you’re most likely to encounter come from two different derivations:

Bourne shells

- Bourne shells use syntax and conventions similar to a UNIX shell. sh is the original shell created by Steve Bourne. The bash shell (Bourne-again shell) includes many improvements and is the default shell for new Linux installations.

C-shells

- C-shells use syntax similar to the C programming language. The original C-shell (csh) has given way to more powerful derivations like tcsh, zsh, and ksh.
Like everything else in Linux, the shell is just a component. This means that you can choose the shell you want to use, or have multiple shells installed on your system at the same time. A list of shells on your system is stored in the /etc/shells file. The default shell for a user is stored in the user account database.

Despite their differences, all shells share some common characteristics:
• All shells are interfaces with the kernel, separate and distinct from it.
• Users can customize every shell using the shell’s commands.
• Shells are run both interactively by end users and noninteractively by the system.
• Shells can be run within one another either interactively when a user starts a second shell at the first shell’s command line, or noninteractively by the system when running scripts or programs.
• Shells use configuration files to establish their operating environments.
• All shells pass environment variables to child processes.
In this course, you will learn to use the bash shell and command prompt to execute commands and perform system maintenance tasks. Keep in mind the following tips for working in the shell.
• When entering commands, remember the format: command + switches + options. Unlike MS-DOS commands, switches come immediately following the command, not at the end.
• Use the clear command to clear the screen.
• If you hit the tab key while typing, bash searches for letters that complete what you’ve typed. If you’ve typed enough unique letters, bash completes the string for you.
• To access commands you’ve already entered into the system, use the arrow up or arrow down key. Find the command and hit enter to re-execute it. Alternatively, you can modify the command with new options, paths, or variables to make it a new command.

LINUX PARTITIONS AND VOLUMES

Prior to installing Linux, you should carefully plan you partition strategy. If you are not careful, you might finish off the installation with a single partition that holds all system and user files. A more efficient strategy is to create multiple partitions based on the types of files held on the partition and the user access needs to the data. In addition to planning which partitions you need and which files they will contain, you should also consider the mount options for each volume.

Following are some guidelines to follow to create an efficient partition scheme:

• For multi-boot systems, create a boot partition. Normally, this will hold the files necessary to boot the system. When using LILO, you must put this partition in the first 1024 blocks on the disk. It is recommended that the boot partition be a primary partition.
• Keep the root partition as small as possible. Include only those directories that are needed during boot. Necessary directories include:
o / (the root directory)
o /bin
o /boot (if not included as its own partition)
o /dev
o /etc
o /initrd
o /lib
o /proc
o /root
o /sbin
o /sys
• The partition holding the root directory should be on a primary partition and must be formatted with a Linux filesystem.
• Linux can use either a swap file or a swap partition for the swap area. Whenever possible, create a separate swap partition. The recommended size of the swap partition is twice the amount of RAM, up to a maximum of 2 GB on PC computers. To improve performance, you can even put multiple swap areas on multiple disks.
• Consider creating separate partitions for the following directories. Set mount options based on the type of files in the directory.
o /tmp mount noexec,nosuid
o /var mount noexec,nosuid
o /usr mount ro
o /home mount nosuid
• Create additional partitions for other operating systems. If your computer already has an operating system (such as Windows) that takes up most of the available drive space, use the FIPS utility to split the existing partition and make room for new partitions (FIPS only resizes existing partitions by splitting them). Use a third party utility to resize partitions. Do not use fdisk, as this will destroy existing data.
• Select the appropriate filesystem for each partition to support the operating system or provide necessary features.

LINUX SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The Linux operating system is a modular system, which means that the components can function without affecting one another. Because of its modular nature, you can create a highly customized Linux operating system based on your individual requirements. The table below lists the modules typical to Linux. Each component (or set of components) is generally developed independently, and each component offers functionality while minimally affecting the other components.
•

Kernel

- The kernel is the core component of the operating system, The kernel coordinates communication between the hardware and other software components. The kernel is the only component that is technically Linux. All other components are add-ons that turn the system into a fully-functional operating system.
•

Shell

- The shell is the user interface that accepts and interprets commands (either from a command prompt or a script) and forwards them to the kernel. A Linux shell is comparable to the DOS interpreter/DOS prompt.
Example
1) bash (Bourne-Again Shell) is the most common (and default) Linux shell. It is an enhancement of the original Bourne shell (sh).
2) tcsh is an enhanced version of the Berkeley UNIX C-shell (csh).
•

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

- The GUI is responsible for drawing graphical elements on the computer screen. The Linux GUI was designed to work the same way regardless of the video hardware on the computer system. Example: XWindows is the most common GUI system. X Windows works in conjunction with an X Client to render the GUI. X Windows is capable of running as a server and sending the GUI images to separate machines running an X Client. Xfree86 is the most common X Client
•

Window Manager/Desktop Environment

- The window manager modifies the GUI output that comes from X Windows. To change or modify the X Windows output, you can simply change the window manager. You can also use a desktop environment with a window manager. A desktop environment provides software (e.g., Web browsers and file managers) and gives users access to common tasks.
Example:
1) KDE (Kommon Desktop Environment), which uses the K Window Manager (kwm) and comes with the Qt toolkit for C++.
2) GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment) does not specify a window manager because its design allows use of any window manager. However, it does use Metacity as a default window manager in the absence of a window manager. GNOME requires the use of the GIMP Toolkit (GTK) to render the full GNOME desktop.
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Boot Loader

- A boot loader runs after the system executes the BIOS ROM and POST functions. It loads the Linux kernel from the boot partition on the hard disk. It is also used to boot other operating systems present on the computer.
Example:
1) LILO (LInux LOader) is the most common bootloader.
2) GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is a new bootloader that offers extra functionality.
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Applications and Utilities

- Utilities are special programs that help you manage the system.

Applications are programs that let you use the computer for specific tasks (such as word processing, listening to music, or managing data).
Example:
1) Text Editors (command-line based)
2) File Managers
3) Office Applications
4) Graphical Editor
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Daemons (Services)

- Daemons are programs that run in the background, providing additional functionality to a system. The Windows equivalent of a daemon is a service.
Example:
1) File/Print Services
2) Print services
3) Web Servers
4) Proxy Servers
5) Email
6) DNS
7) Firewall

As you can see, there are dozens of components that can be used with the Linux core. The availability of multiple components to provide a specific feature gives you a lot of choice, more than you might have with other operating system choices such as Microsoft Windows.

DIFFERENT LINUX DISTRIBUTION

A Linux distribution is a collection of components packaged to work together as a complete system. A package is the collection of components (tools, software, utilities, devices, etc.) put together by an individual or group to make up a distribution. Each package (and therefore distribution) can use a package manager, which is a tool that installs and maintains a Linux package. For example, the RPM family of Linux distributions uses the Red Hat package manager (RPM).

The following table lists the most popular Linux distributions and their characteristics

RPM

- An RPM distribution uses the Red Hat package manager (RPM). RPM distributions are the most common commercially-available distributions.
Example: Red Hat (most common in the United States) SUSE (most common in Europe)
Mandrake.

Debian

- Debian distributions use the Debian package manager. The Debian family contains the largest number of packages (software and tools) because it is the most open of the Linux families.
Example: Xandros Linspire (formerly Lindows)

.tar.gz/.tgz/Slackware - This Linux family doesn’t use a package manager; rather, its installation and management is done through tarball or gzip tarball files.
Example: CollegeLinux VectorLinux SLAX BuffaloLinux

Source-based distributions

- The distributions in this family are designed to work from source code. The user compiles the kernel and software from source code prior to installing the software.
Example: Gentoo

If you are just starting out with Linux, you should probably choose a commercial distribution to take advantage of easy setup and possibly technical support (for a fee). As you learn Linux, you likely will not need copies of the source code for the kernel and other components. Common places to get a Linux distribution include:
• Purchase from a computer retailer
• Download from the vendor Website
• Purchase installation media from sites such as www.linuxmall.com

After you have some experience with Linux, you might then want to experiment with source code versions of Linux. A good source for information is www.tldp.org which is the community supported ‘The Linux Document Project’, a site full of Linux resource information.

LINUX USER AND GROUP

User accounts control the ability to log on to a system, access resources, and perform certain actions. Groups provide a means of grouping users for administrative purposes such as assigning permissions to files.

When you work with users and groups, you will use a friendly name (such as mary or sales) to refer to the user or group. However, the system uses ID numbers to identify users and groups.

• The user ID (UID) and the group ID (GID) are typically automatically assigned by the system (although in some cases you can modify the ID number if you like).

• The root user has a UID of 0.

• Users you create are assigned UIDs 500 and above.

Users can be members of two different group types:

• Primary group (also called the private group). By default, when you create a user, a corresponding group is also created. The user is the only member of this group. When you create files and directories, the primary group is automatically made the owner of those files.

• Secondary groups. Secondary groups are groups you create. You assign members to those groups, and then use permissions to control access to files.

Note: The primary group is just a group like any other group. The only difference is that the user account specifically identifies the primary group for each user.

The user and group databases are stored in the following files:

/etc/passwd

- Holds user account information including the user name, UID, primary group membership, and the home directory location.

/etc/shadow

- Holds passwords and password expiration information for user accounts. Using a separate file increases the security of the user passwords.

/etc/group

- Holds group information including the group name, GID, and group membership information.

/etc/gshadow

- Holds passwords for groups.

PASSWORD AND USER ACCOUNT SECURITY

The first step to securing user accounts on your system is to use the shadow password file. When you use shadow passwords, passwords are removed from the /etc/passwd file, encrypted, and placed in the /etc/shadow file. By default, shadow passwords are enabled during installation. You can use the following commands to control use of shadow passwords after installation:

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Enter pwconv at the command line to use shadow passwords (use /etc/shadow instead of /etc/passwd). Enter grpconv at the command line to use the /etc/gshadow file for groups.

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Enter pwunconv at the command line to stop using shadow passwords (use /etc/passwd instead of /etc/shadow). Enter grpunconv at the command line to stop using the group shadow file.

Another way to protect user accounts is by using complex passwords. Complex passwords:

• Contain a minimum of eight characters

• Must contain a mix of lower case and upper case letters and numbers

• Do not contain recognizable patterns (such as words or the user account name)

Linux automatically enforces complex passwords. However, as the root user you can set a password that does not meet these complexity requirements.

Finally, you can protect user accounts by setting passwords, disabling accounts, and configuring password expiration times. The following table shows the commands to configure user account security.

As you examine the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files, be aware of the following special cases:

• An x in the password field of /etc/passwd indicates that shadow passwords are used.

• A ! for the first character in the password field for a user account identifies the account as disabled.

• Any single-character entry in the password field means the account is disabled and no password is set

LINUX INIT AND RUNLEVEL

A system’s runlevel depends on its ability to perform the boot up process successfully. The boot process occurs in the order of the steps listed below.
1. POST
2. Bootstrap
3. Boot loader
4. Kernel
5. Init

The init (initialize) daemon is responsible for loading all the other daemons that bring the system to a useable state. (A daemon is a system service.) To load the other daemons, init uses the /etc/inittab (init table) configuration file.

Linux lets you define multiple runlevels. A runlevel identifies a collection of services that defines a specific system state. For example, Microsoft Windows has Safe Mode and regular mode which are somewhat equivalent to Linux runlevels. In Linux, however, you can define multiple runlevels and customize the runlevels to meet your own needs.

The runlevel is determined by the number and type of daemons that a system has loaded into memory and is executing. The table below describes each of the seven runlevels. (This system of seven runlevels comes from System V Unix which first implemented this initialization procedure.)
Run Levels
0 - This is the halt state. In runlevel 0, the system has no daemons in memory and is ready to be turned off. - /etc/rc.d/rc0.d

1 - This is single user mode. In single user mode, the system uses only enough daemons to allow a single user to log in. The user is automatically logged in as the root user. - /etc/rc.d/rc1.d

2 - This is multi-user mode. In multi-user mode, the system allows multiple users to log in. It also provides networking services with the exception of the Network File System. - /etc/rc.d/rc2.d

3 - This is extended multi-user mode. In extended multi-user mode, the system provides multi-user mode support in addition to all network services, including Network File System. - /etc/rc.d/rc3.d

4 - This runlevel is not used. However, you can manually define it, if you wish. - /etc/rc.d/rc4.d

5 - This is graphical mode. In graphical mode, the system provides the same capabilities as in extended user mode. However, the system also supports graphical log ins. - /etc/rc.d/rc5.d

6 - This is the reboot runlevel. In this runlevel, the system re-starts itself. Do not set the runlevel to 6. - /etc/rc.d/rc6.d

1. From Start menu, choose Programs then Administrative Tools then click Configure Your Server.

2. Click Networking from the menu.

3. Click DHCP from the Networking options.

4. Click Start button from DHCP window to open Windows Components wizard.

5. Click Networking Services checkbox then click Details button.

6. Check Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) checkbox then click OK button.

7. Click Next button from Windows Components to continue.

8. Click Finish button.

9. Close Windows 2000 Configure Your Server window by clicking X button at the upper right corner of the window.

10. From Start menu click Programs then Administrative Tools then choose DHCP.

11. Click the server icon.

12. Right click the server icon then click New Scope.

13. From New Scope Wizard, click Next button.

14. Type the name and description on the space provided then click Next button.

15. Specify the IP address range and Subnet Mask then click Next button.

16. Specify the IP Address range that you want to exclude in the Start IP and End IP Address then click Add button.

17. Address specified will reflect on the Excluded address range field. Click Next button to continue.

18. Click Next button.

19. In Configure DHCP Options, click the first option to configure DHCP then click Next button.

20. Type the router or default gateways on the IP address field then click Add button.

21. IP address will be transferred on the space below, click Next button to continue.

22. Fill up Parent domain and Server name field (both with smartf). Click Resolve button. IP address will automatically be generated. Click Add button to save then click Next button.

23. IP address will be transferred on the space below, click Next button.

24. Just click Next button to continue.

25. Activate scope by clicking the first option then click Next button.

26. Click Finish button to complete process.

27. Right click server name then choose Authorize. Then press F5 key.

28. Click Scope DHCP folder to open.

29. Click Scope Options folder to view content.

30. Right click 006 DNS Servers then choose Properties from the pop up menu.

31. Click 003 Router and 006 DNS Servers. Highlight Router then enter IP address. Click Add button to save IP Address.

32. Choose 006 DNS Server then type the IP Address. Click Add to save IP for DNS Servers.

33. Type another IP address then click Add button. Click Next button to continue.

34. Click Apply button to save settings.

35. Click OK button to close Scope Options window.

36. Right click Scope Options again then choose Configure Options.

37. Click checkbox 019 IP Layer Forwarding then click Apply button. Click OK button to close window.

38. Click X button at the upper right corner of the DHCP window to close.